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Thursday, January 24, 2013

Burrrpups


Belching (Eructation) and hiccups (singultus) occur occasionally and are regarded as normal behavior. However, when belching or hiccups occur in high frequency or become persistent this can become very bothersome and a reason for consultation.

BELCHING:


In a patient with excessive belching, gastric and supragastric belches are distinguished and this distinction has consequences for therapy.
Gastric belching is the escape of swallowed intragastric air that enters the esophagus during a transient lower-esophageal sphincter relaxation.
Gastric belches are physiological, involuntary and are controlled entirely by reflexes.
In supragastric belches the air does not originate from the stomach but is ingested immediately before it is expelled again. Supragastric belches are not a reflex but instead are the result of human behavior.

Some patients consult with isolated excessive belching and report that they suffer from episodes of frequent belching in which they may belch up to 20 times a minute. These patients may show spells of excessive belching during consultation with their physician. Patients who complain of isolated excessive belching almost without exception suffer from excessive uncontrolled supragastric belching. A high prevalence of anxiety disorders has been described in these patients and some patients report that their symptoms increase during stressful events. Excessive belching also has been described in patients with obsessive compulsive disorder, bulimia nervosa, and encephalitis. Many patients stop belching during speaking and it has been shown that distraction also reduces the frequency of belching whereas putting attention to their belching behavior usually results in an increase in belching frequency. Supragastric belching is never observed during sleep.

Patients with excessive supragastric belching usually have no other symptoms besides sometimes some dyspeptic symptoms. The presence of weight loss, pain, dysphagia, heartburn, and regurgitation are not compatible with excessive supragastric belching and are an indication for further diagnostic evaluation.

HICCUPS:



Hiccups can be classified based on duration. Hiccups lasting more than 48 hours are categorized as "persistent" and hiccups lasting more than 1 month are referred to as "intractable.


Persistent hiccups can be the first presentation of serious disorders and an underlying cause should be searched for.

Stroke, meningitis, dissension of stomach with air or food, drinking hot fluids,  gastroesophageal reflux, uremia and angina are common causes.When no underlying cause is found, treatment is symptomatic.

Simple maneuvers like scaring the patient, rapid uninterrupted drinking, breath holding, swallowing sugar, carotid massage, may be tried.

Drugs used are Chlorpromazine, Baclofen, metoclopramide and midazolam.

AEROPHAGIA:



Aerophagia is a disorder in which patients swallow too much air; this air accumulates in the stomach, intestines, and colon, and causes abdominal distention and bloating. Not only children but also adults can suffer from this disorder. Aerophagia can occur in sudden attacks but also more chronically. It is important that explorative laparotomies are avoided in these patients because they do not suffer from an ileus. Now that patients with aerophagia can be identified, the search is for an effective treatment.
However, patients may be advised to restrict carbonated beverages and eat slowly.

http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/776875_3

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